Seeking Alpha

Edward Harrison


About this author:

This is an updated and revised version of an article published earlier today.

You have probably heard by now that Washington Mutual (WM) ousted its embattled CEO Kerry Killinger and replaced him with former Sovereign Bancorp CFO Alan Fishman. You may also have heard is that WaMu has signed an agreement with the Office of Thrift Supervision [OTS] which requires WaMu to provide business plans and forecasts for results, asset quality, capital and business segment performance (Hat Tip: Calculated Risk).

Translation: WaMu may fail.

In announcing the ouster of Killinger, WaMu posted a press release on their website. Note the following statement buried deep in the release:

WaMu also announced that it has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding [MOU] with the Office of Thrift Supervision [OTS] concerning aspects of the bank's operations, principally in several areas of its risk management and compliance functions, including its Bank Secrecy Act compliance program. In addition, WaMu has committed to provide the OTS an updated, multi-year business plan and forecast for its earnings, asset quality, capital and business segment performance. The business plan will not require the company to raise capital, increase liquidity or make changes to the products and services it provides to customers.

This is the step that regulators take to prepare the playing field for a potential bankruptcy or takeover. Remember, Washington Mutual is far bigger than IndyMac, which is the largest default we have seen in this credit crisis in the US outside of the GSEs. If the FDIC were to take on Washington Mutual, it would need to have its funding base topped up by guess who -- you, the taxpayer. And remember, Washington Mutual has over $300 billion in assets. If it were categorized as a bank rather than as a saving & loan, it would be America's 8th largest bank.

Regarding the FDIC's "problem list," CNN Money said two weeks ago:

According to data released on Tuesday, the list included 117 banks in the second quarter, up from 90 at the end of March. The number has been increasing since the third quarter of 2006, when it hit a historic low of 47. Assets at the problem institutions totaled $78.3 billion in the second quarter, up from $26.3 billion.

WaMu was not on that list; its asset base is too large.

Note the total assets of the institutions on that list is only $78.3 billion or an average of less than $1 billion each. Does this mean that WaMu (or NCC, for that matter) is too big to fail? The evidence is unclear. What is clear is that the OTS feels that there are enough problems at both institutions to put them under special agreements. And it is also clear that the FDIC is focusing on smaller banks. After all, it does not have enough capital to deal with the likes of NCC or WaMu.

[Ed. note: Some comments may refer to the earlier version.]

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This article has 44 comments:

  •  
    Actually, WaMu is not on the list of 117 institutions. The sum total of assets of all institutions on the list is less than $100 billion. Both WaMu and National City individually have more than $100 billion in assets, so neither could possibly on the list.
    2008 Sep 09 10:25 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Unless they are lying about the list..again..
    2008 Sep 09 10:31 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    The list, being secret, is meaningless and useless.
    2008 Sep 09 10:46 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Harrison must be short. This web site is about nothing more than "talking your stock". Do a little more research next time.
    2008 Sep 09 10:51 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    squashnut: I couldn't agree with you more.

    DEMAND TRANSPARENCY IN THE FACE OF FISCAL TYRANNY!
    2008 Sep 09 11:06 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    This is one of the real problems with the markets today. People having the ability to post opinions and confuse readers, without the responsibility of providing facts. Agendas have to be considered. I feel posters should fully disclose their position (I am long WM) or not be taken seriously. However, I guess since a certain Senator can call out a name of a bank causing a run on the bank and not be held responsible, then it is understanding as to the many posts that are doing the same thing today. This type of thing is never good for the economy as a whole and the banking system of the country it serves. A "crises" can be created because of the agendas of individuals. This is truly not good and very un American to do. It is one thing to have the facts that support a "crises"..., it is another to cause a "crises" without having the facts to support a statement. Keep in mind that the banking system is based on faith in the system and can be destroyed along with an economy if irresponsibe coments are made without facts to support them.

    Now in addition, the removal of the "uptick" rule a year ago has brought the agendas out in force to control the short side of the trade. Just look at the short interest since in almost any stock (some exceptions). Cox and the SEC made a huge mistake in removing this rule and it needs to be reinstated. Also remember the rule existed since 1938 to stabilize the markets, until its removal last year. If it "didn't matter" then why did the SEC put it back in place for 10 major financial institutions for a short time this year. It is the responsibility of the SEC to stabilize the markets. They need to put the "uptick" rule back in place. Also if it "didn't matter" they why remove it in the first place. These questions need to be answered by Cox and the SEC.
    2008 Sep 09 11:15 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    I didn’t read the removed article but I want to congratulate the editors of this site for removing a post with inaccuracies and/or hidden agendas.

    Your site provides a valuable service but it is being undermined by some writers with questionable ethics. It should be mandatory for writers to disclose their positions in each article posted in this site.
    You may lose a few writers (Michael Shedlock for starters…) but everyone will gain in the end.
    2008 Sep 09 11:51 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Hats off to the editor for removing an inaccurate article. Quality before quantity, always.
    2008 Sep 09 11:56 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    The F.D.I.C. has roughly 53 billion to cover WaMu, NatCity and any one else. They will be short. Oh yeah, they spoke with the Fed about additional capital. Unless we witness a miracle in the credit markets, the F.D.I.C. will technically be insolvent and they will have to hit up the Fed for additional capital.
    What a mess.
    2008 Sep 09 12:35 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    This is Edward Harrison. The article originally stated that NCC was on the FDIC watch list and implied that WaMu was was well. That was inaccurate and I have altered the post accordingly.

    However, I do not have any financial stake in Washington Mutual, Downey or in NCC.

    I am merely pointing out that OTS agreements are typically a warning sign to investors that an institution has problems, the types which lead to bank failure. Rather than burying this fact in the press release, WaMu should have been more upfront about it.

    I do not anticipate that WaMu will fail. However, I do think it is an institution that made too many bad loans and is paying the price. Will it fail eventually? Maybe, but I am not saying it is going to fail now.

    As for my factual inaccuracy, I have alerted readers to it by amending the post and writing another post about wo is definitely NOT on the FDIC's watch list.

    www.creditwritedowns.c...

    Edward Harrson
    2008 Sep 09 12:36 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Harrison's comments seem quite logical. WM does not need much external help to continue going down. Just today is dropping another 20%, and not because of this post. CABANKER seems to have some additional research that suggests that WM is not in such dire position. Rather than just bashing the writer, I'd like to hear the basis to belie his article. I am personally long on WM, and not happy with it.
    2008 Sep 09 12:43 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Edward Harrison here again.

    One other comment. The financial services sector is in dire straits regardless of Fannie and Freddie's bailouts. In the US, institutions across the board invested excessively in residential property which was selling at inflated prices. We are now witnessing the consequences of that.

    The result has been $500 billion in writedowns to date, hence the name of my site.

    www.creditwritedowns.c...

    The question is whether these writedowns will continue for the foreseeable future or whether we have hit bottom. I would argue that we have many more writedowns to come due to two factors at a minimum:

    1. We are now witnessing a large increase in delinquencies and foreclosures in Alt-A and Prime mortgage classes. These delinquencies and foreclosures are the events that triggered writedowns in subprime.

    2. We have yet to feel significant headwinds from the real economy downturn, which will have a knock-on effect on the housing sector as well.

    Now, I don't have a crystal ball, so I could be wrong -- in fact, I'd like to be. And there are plenty of smart people who argue the other side. But, the fact remains that the financial services sector is fragile and companies like WaMu, Lehman, NCC, Zions, Fifth Third and others that have suffered the most, are also the companies with the weakest balance sheets and the most problem loans.

    My condolences to anyone holding these stocks. I have a close family member who is heavily invested in Fifth Third, so I understand the pain being inflicted.

    Edward
    2008 Sep 09 12:54 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Blood on the street......buy, buy, buy; selectively, of course.
    2008 Sep 09 01:41 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    DO we have to pay back our loans thru WAMU if they go bankrupt and no longer exist?
    2008 Sep 09 03:03 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    WaMu will survive. TPG and associates will come to the rescue again - if needed; if faced with regulatory takeover, they will raise more capital rather than walk away from $7 bill. In the meantime WaMu can continue to negotiate with borrowers; for example, they don't have to raise option ARMS when the fed rate is lower than the teaser rate on which those loans were originally issued. Borrowers have an incentive to negotiate as well. If you lose your home in foreclosure, your credit is destroyed which, among other consequences, prevents you from borrowing/purchasing your next home for about 7 years; that same credit "hit" also prevents you from securing the preferable rental you would choose as your new substitute home. The landlords today want to know where the tenant is coming from and why (duh!)

    Everything's negotiable; everybody in this has something significant to lose; so they will all negotiate, and WaMu will survive.

    It's simple math with a "let's be real and fix these problems" attitude mixed in.

    And the California and Florida real estate markets will be the first to recover in this mess (they always are; why more people choose earthquakes and hurricanes is beyond me, but they do).

    Oh.... and I am long on WaMu.
    2008 Sep 09 04:48 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    However...does anyone know how much of Wamu's balance sheet and available "liquid" assets were invested in Fannie or Freddie preferred or other securities? I find it rather interesting that the agreement with the OTS seems to arise with or coincide with the Fannie/Freddie takeover.... Is it becasue WaMu is expected to take an immediate charge-off for the loss of these securities?

    still long....just wondering ......
    2008 Sep 09 04:58 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    There are a lot of mysteries about WaMu's balance sheet. If transparency at FNM and FRE were bad, transparency at WaMu is non-existent. While adequate capitalization levels are arbitrary numbers, they do reflect realities. Contrary to the foolish blaming of IndyMac on Sen. Schumer, IndyMac was going to start losing a half-billion dollars a month of brokered deposits. They were dead.

    In the event WaMu collapses - and I don't think it's a coincidence that the WaMu announcement and the FNM/FRE announcement came on the same day - some straw will be blamed for breaking the bank's back, but they are the authors of their own fate.

    I now agree with Cramer that WM not only may close, but that it might be better for everyone if it did.
    2008 Sep 09 05:31 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    If all the banks fail,,, will we use sea-shells instead of money
    2008 Sep 09 05:50 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    He still did not answer if he is short or owns stock and he came back here two times to boot
    2008 Sep 09 07:38 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    A bank that offers a high rate CD should be seen as a warning sign in and of itself. It can imply (indirectly) that the bank is cash strapped. Better financed banks can afford to push the envelope and give less return; that's after all how they make money (differential between long & short terms). Just because they offer a term of 12 months doesn't mean they'll be around for 12. I bought Airline tickets good for a year, and the airline went under in a month. Buyers/depositors beware.
    2008 Sep 09 10:16 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    I think that many banks are staring thoughtfully into the abyss these days, because if the real estate market ever fully tanks, their futures will be short-lived and grim. Too many people have tried to extract too much money from the business of real estate and its' financing, and there've been some speculators that've hit the magic numbers, and still others that've hit the wall. 'Flipper' isn't just a dolphin on a tv serial anymore, it's people that've ramped up the basic cost of housing and property to the point where it's unsustainable, and as small and medium businesses fall on hard times, and can't pay their leases and rents, then the property owners will succumb to similar influences and be unable to pay their mortgages, at which point there'll be banks sitting on overvalued properties and stacks of mortgage-backed securities, which will trade approximately 1-1 with a square of Charmin.
    2008 Sep 09 11:11 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    I think Wamu will pull through. Wamu has access to the Fed discount windows (so a bear sterns like run is not possible); its capital ratio's are adequate so regulatory action is unlikely. It had raised $7 Billion of new capital in April.

    The problem is the continued deterioration of the housing market - further mark to market write off could eat through the capital cushion necessitating another capital raise, which could wipe out the current share holders.
    2008 Sep 09 11:48 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    BTW I am long Wamu (I bought some today). Though highly risk, I think the risk/reward ratio's are favorable. The stock is an easy double, after the current bout of market jitter passes.
    2008 Sep 09 11:51 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Banks that are in need of liquidity (deposits, for example) offer high interest rates. Strong banks do not compete for retail deposits because they don't need to; weak banks often do. Banks may also need to offer high rates because they have a material amount of CD's (that they offered to customers) that are maturing and they don't want to lose the deposits - again, usually because they need the liquidity.
    2008 Sep 10 12:33 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    wamu will dump after the election. its a band-aid & crutches show for now. 5%? now? red flag.
    2008 Sep 10 12:56 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    I recently read an article that said the rich English bankers and elite circulated a rumor that Napoleon had won the Battle of Waterloo, when in fact he had lost. Such a monster could have destroyed, or at least conquered Europe. The stock market in England tanked and these same elitist thieves bought financial and other industry stocks for pennies on the dollar, and thus took control of the major banks and industries in England.

    I wonder if this could be happening in America now. The elitists preach Aramgeddon in American business, banks and industry and then after the stock market gets hammered, BOOM, they make their move. Buying companies for pennies on the dollar. They then get not ony RICH, they get all-powerful, controlling finance and industry, leaving previous stockholders holding nothing but ashes in their hands.
    2008 Sep 10 01:22 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Seems to me that the handwriting is on the wall. WaMu and a bunch of other banks will fail. An unfortunate reality. I am always amazed by folks who want this not to be talked about, like some of the commentators to this article. What is so dangerous about the truth? Indymac didn't fail because Schumer spoke the truth. It failed because its executives were incompetent and put it into failure.
    2008 Sep 10 02:27 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    indymac failed on its own. the sen could not bring it down if it was healthy.LOL at the nonsense people believe.if you dont talk about it it will go away.it used to be that way with cancer.well the financials have cancer.will it be cured?
    2008 Sep 10 09:39 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    The Bush administration is planning to sell the United Arab Emirates an advanced U.S. missile defense system valued at up to $7 billion that could be used to defend against Iran, people who have attended briefings on the matter said on Monday.

    The Pentagon is set to notify the U.S. Congress of the proposed sale, which would be the first of the so-called Terminal High Altitude Area Defense, or THAAD, several people familiar with the matter said.

    Maybe the Bush Administration is selling this in order to make up the deficits caused by all of these buy-outs!!! I have no clue why the United Arab Emerits is purchasing this. It is a Muslim Country and would never fight Iran. They have a free-trade zone with Iran and everything there is friendly. I think the UAE is buying this just because they can...and the US is selling it because they have to!!!

    Either way...it is a damn shame that we are selling weaponry and high-tech weaponry at that... because our coffers are empty. We have sold some of our Infrastructure...ports... toll roads, etc.

    What really bothers me is that this administration, since 2000 has borrowed over $5.1 TRILLION DOLLARS from all of the Trust Funds including the Military Retirement Trust Fund, the Federal Employee Retirement Trust Fund, the Railroad Retirement Trust Fund, the American Indian Trust Funds and worst of all....they have siphoned over $1.4 TRILLION DOLLARS ALONE FROM THE SOCIAL SECURITY TRUST FUND. There is no plan to pay it back and no possible way to pay it back. That is why they pushed for privitization!

    Additionally, this administration has borrowed from twelve (12) foreign countries! The highest that we owe are JAPAN (over $600 BILLIION DOLLARS), COMMUNIST CHINA (over $400 BILLION DOLLARS), THE UNITED KINGDOM (over $200 BILLION DOLLARS). ALL OF THESE LOANS ARE BACKED BY HARD AMERICAN ASSETS...LIKE U.S. TREASURY BONDS!!! SO THERE IS A PLAN TO PAY IT BACK...CAN YOU IMAGINE THE INTEREST THAT WE ARE PAYING ON THESE LOANS!!!

    WE HAVE BEEN SOLD DOWN THE RIVER, FOLKS!!! NOW WE ARE LEFT TO SINK (NOT OR SWIM)!!! LET US GET SERIOUS ABOUT WHO WE PUT IN THIS WHITE HOUSE...WE NEED SOMEONE WHO HAS THEIR WITS ABOUT THEM...WHO WILL HELP US DIG OUT...NOT PEOPLE WHO NEED "HANDLERS"...BUT PEOPLE WHO HAVE THE BRAINS AND THE WHERE-WITH-ALL TO DO SOMETHING CONSTRUCTIVE!!!

    TOO OLD AND TOO PRETTY...DO NOT CUT IT AT THIS TIME AND PLACE!!! LET US BE REALISTIC ABOUT THIS!!! IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT...MAYBE...... NOT WITH THE U.S. HOLDING ON BY A THREAD!!! THANKS...BUT NO THANKS!!! GOD BLESS AMERICA...NOW!!!
    2008 Sep 10 09:40 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    If I were a prudent long term investor, I would avoid all positions of WaMu altogether at the moment, that includes being a depositor.

    People, don't for a second think that WaMu is immune from insolvency, nor capitalization problems. That kind of mentality, particularly based on investment optimism is premature and irresponsible.

    Access to the discount window doesn't guarantee long term solvency, nor future solvency, nor future existence. Rather, expect it to be chopped up, debt split out and equities and depositors most likely obliterated. Remember, there is a shell game happening where the public is the last to know, with zero transparency obligation.

    Last I heard FDIC is nearly-bankrupt (or at least invited to the party after the punch is all gone) too.

    My advice, take your deposits to a credit union without subprime or Alt-A exposure, and avoid the shell game that banks are playing with solvency -- as the small guy, you all but certain to be burned without consequence.

    I'd like a bailout for the coupon I had that expired on my cup of coffee please!

    THE DISCOUNT WINDOW NEEDS A DRIVE THRU!!
    2008 Sep 10 10:22 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Those who have studied the put option saw this decline of NCC LEH and WM and others.
    2008 Sep 10 12:59 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Bonnie: Please, shouting hurts my eyes. Your rant went from selling missles to something about being too old and too pretty to be elected. Are you talking about McCain/Palin or Biden/Obama?

    Anyway, last time I checked, the only age qualification in the constitution for being president is being too young. Now, as far as being too pretty or too ugly, Clinton used to be kinda pretty, but Kerry? Holy crap! He is one ugly human being.

    On a serious note, do you really think socialism is the right path? In spite of not so subtle references to John Kennedy and Camelot, Obama's acceptance speech seemed to pose this question: Ask not what you can do for your country. Rather ask what your country can do for you.

    Now, about WAMU, I'm long.
    2008 Sep 10 02:26 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    WM is priced like a call option without the expiration date known. It has been poorly managed for years. Killinger should have been fired 1 year ago. What took so fricking long to get rid of him? WM is an interesting case. Is it "too big" to fail. Or can it go straight into the dumpster? At this point, WM is either a once in a lifetime buying opportunity. Like Citicorp in 1991. Or it is an investment for those looking for a tax loss.
    2008 Sep 10 03:24 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Obama is no Kennedy. Kennedy cut taxes and was pro business growth. He said "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." Obama wants the taxpayers to pay for more socialism. The same tired stuff that LBJ's "Great Society" pushed. That stuff doesn't work. The entitlements that are bloated and out of control. Once those entitlements are enacted, it is very hard to get rid of them.
    2008 Sep 10 03:28 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    You have a great point Kurt Walter. That is, corrup management in the banking system and Washington itself has lingered on for far too long. Individuals in a position of power have a responsibility to the public they serve be it taxpayers or shareholders. This last decade has been the era of 'do for thyself' alone.
    2008 Sep 10 03:59 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    What would a Wamu failure mean to senior debt holders?

    With BSC, FRE and FNM the senior debt holders benefited.

    George
    2008 Sep 10 05:57 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Bonnie - good points about how the government has spent us into bankruptcy. And yes, we need politicians with brains, but more so, with morals and a conscience. Politicians who will put the good of the country above their own self interests.

    As far as you comment "too old and too pretty do not cut it," I hope you are not referring to McCain & Palin, therby implying that Obama is America's hope. FAR FROM IT, BABY. Neither Obama nor McCain have America's best interests at heart. The one true patriot, Ron Paul, was drowned out by our Marxist controlled press.

    Jim Rogers recently said of the federal governments takover of Fannie & Freddie that "America is now more Communist than China." He said the takeover is WELFARE FOR THE RICH (at the expense of us hardworking, taxpaying citizens). God help America. We need a return to Constitutional government, freedom and morals. And we need to end the overseas wars and the war against the American citizens.
    2008 Sep 10 06:58 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    This thread has almost completely degenerated into useless political rhetoric of left vs. right. One last try before I move on ....

    WM stock has dropped 50% in 2 days. Another article on alpha mentioned that about the quarter of the market cap of Wamu is on loan to the shorts.
    seekingalpha.com/artic...

    It does look like some-entity is pushing Wamu off the cliff. It is possible that this entity is hoping to engineer a crisis of confidence and buy Wamu for pennies (like JPM did to Bear-Stearn).
    2008 Sep 10 08:04 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    WaMu is behaving very much like MBI and ABK at their worst, when Ackman et al were after them in earnest. The hallmark is a rapid share price decline and an extreme increase in CDS premiums accompanied by a drumbeat of negative publicity. The price of the shares becomes totally divorced from any known metric such as P/B, and simple observations about capital adequacy as determined by the relevant regulator fall on deaf ears.

    There is no visible ringleader such as Ackman or Einhorn in this case that I am aware of. Ackman's motivation on MBI was the profit on CDS which he held on MBI's debt, which was huge. TV commentators today were talking about Lehman's spreads as well as WaMu's. It was my opinion that the CDS spreads on the monolines were manipulated concurrent with the short-selling attack.

    WaMu asserts they have adequate liquidity, always a question in the face of this type of attack.

    TPG bought at 8.75, my next point to average in is 2.19, which is 1/4 of what the smart money paid.




    On Sep 10 08:04 PM E Nuff Sed wrote:

    > This thread has almost completely degenerated into useless political
    > rhetoric of left vs. right. One last try before I move on ....<br/>
    >
    > WM stock has dropped 50% in 2 days. Another article on alpha mentioned
    > that about the quarter of the market cap of Wamu is on loan to the
    > shorts.
    > seekingalpha.com/artic...
    >
    >
    > It does look like some-entity is pushing Wamu off the cliff. It is
    > possible that this entity is hoping to engineer a crisis of confidence
    > and buy Wamu for pennies (like JPM did to Bear-Stearn).
    2008 Sep 10 08:36 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Thanks for the interesting read. My only regret was not shorting WaMu one year ago...
    2008 Sep 11 01:52 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Edward, this is a great article. I've just added you to my watchlist.
    2008 Sep 11 02:54 AM | Link | Reply
  •  
    You got it Eagle. Check out my new site RagingDebate.com sometime. It's still in beta mode but it's going to go places. I will vote for Ron Paul this fall.


    On Sep 10 06:58 PM Eagle-Chief wrote:

    > Bonnie - good points about how the government has spent us into bankruptcy.
    > And yes, we need politicians with brains, but more so, with morals
    > and a conscience. Politicians who will put the good of the country
    > above their own self interests.
    >
    > As far as you comment "too old and too pretty do not cut it," I hope
    > you are not referring to McCain & Palin, therby implying that Obama
    > is America's hope. FAR FROM IT, BABY. Neither Obama nor McCain have
    > America's best interests at heart. The one true patriot, Ron Paul,
    > was drowned out by our Marxist controlled press.
    >
    > Jim Rogers recently said of the federal governments takover of Fannie
    > & Freddie that "America is now more Communist than China." He said
    > the takeover is WELFARE FOR THE RICH (at the expense of us hardworking,
    > taxpaying citizens). God help America. We need a return to Constitutional
    > government, freedom and morals. And we need to end the overseas wars
    > and the war against the American citizens.
    2008 Sep 11 03:56 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Will someone entertain and answer my question concerning the bankruptcy of WAMU and me having to pay on a debt that is owed to a company thta no longer existis?
    2008 Sep 13 08:12 PM | Link | Reply
  •  
    Yes. Think of the bankruptcy as a debt charge. In order to gain ground on the liability the fiat currency must repay on conversion on inflation or as an addition source of revenue.
    2008 Sep 14 05:47 PM | Link | Reply