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    <title>IgnacioPedrosa's Instablog</title>
    <description>Be contrarian my friend.</description>
    <author>
      <name>IgnacioPedrosa</name>
    </author>
    <link>http://seekingalpha.com</link>
    <item>
      <title>30-Year Bond Market Rally</title>
      <link>http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/877871-ignaciopedrosa/1378931-30-year-bond-market-rally?source=feed</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">1378931</guid>
      <content>
        <![CDATA[<p>The last time the American T-Bond was traded at current levels was 1946, after the end of World War II. Its return over the next 30 years was negative in real terms: for the next three decades, bond investors lost purchasing power.</p><p><strong>US 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1790 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_T-Bond-1.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_T-Bond-1_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p><em>However, events over the last three decades have been completely different.</em> Since 1981 American treasury bonds have increased virtually without interruption and offered a spectacular annual return: 12.6% in the 1980's, 8.8% in the 1990's, 7.7% in the previous decade, and 20% in this decade so far. Accordingly, government bonds during the last 30 years have been considered to be risk-free assets. Similarly, as occurred recently with the real estate sector, investors in government debt securities have been used to holding assets with low volatility which, in addition to paying a coupon, always increase and maintain their price. The current financial crisis has only enhanced the purchase of bonds and since 2008 investors, in the US alone, have invested USD 1.1 billion in funds of this type. At the same time, American shares vehicles have suffered redemptions of 400,000 million. In other words, more than double the amount redeemed in equity funds was virtually invested in fixed-income funds.</p><p><strong>FUNDS FLOWS: US EQUITY &amp; BOND (2008 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_US-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-2.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_US-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-2_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>With the global AUM of the investment funds above the maximum level of 2007, bond vehicles have recorded maximum subscriptions and AUM in all countries. Similarly, bond exchange-traded funds have also experienced exponential growth, since there are more than 1,300 ETFs that replicate this type of asset, but only 24 are the inverse of this, which offers a clear idea of which side investors have banked on.</p><p><strong>GLOBAL FUNDS FLOWS: BOND &amp; EQUITY (2008 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_Global-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-3.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_Global-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-3_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>It is therefore no wonder that 16 of the fifty largest countries worldwide have traded their sovereign debt at 10 years below 2% or even that over certain periods some countries have traded with negative yields.</p><p>After the greatest bull market in the history of bonds, it is necessary to reflect on the risk they currently entail. At the annual conference we held with our investors, the Chairman of EDM, Eusebio D&iacute;az Morera, warned of the risk of this type of asset: &quot;A risk that is undervalued by the investing public, but that may appear quickly and painfully&quot;.</p><p>The bond bubble seems evident. However, prices continue to be easily at record maximums against a backdrop in which everyone assumes that the &quot;flexible&quot; monetary policy will be eternal. However, we must not forget that the primary mandate of the central banks is to control inflation. As soon as any inflation rears its head, the bonds will begin their downturn. If the yield of long-term debt returns to its historical average, the price of 10-year American bonds will depreciate by 26%. In the most extreme case, such as that experienced in the 1980's, the price of the 30-year bond would fall by 80%.</p><p>It is difficult to know when and how strong inflation will return. However, there are two significant facts that should not be overlooked: 1) The stabilization of the American real estate market (after adjusting its prices by almost 50%, the greatest since the Great Depression) with the bankruptcy of thousands of real estate agencies and the closing of hundreds of banks; 2) The progressive exchange of balances of China's balance of trade (a country which went gradually from being an exporter to an importer). Both trends could give us hints as to a possible reappearance of inflation.</p><p>In inflationary environments, shares behave better than bonds: throughout the last century, with an average inflation of 4.5%, equities offered an annual return of 5.2%, whereas bonds offered almost zero. With inflation of 8.0%, shares have an actual positive return, whereas that of bonds is clearly negative.</p><p>Investors' current search for &quot;financial security&quot; caused the return on dividends of the S&amp;P 500 index to be greater than the yield of the 10-year American bond, something that has not taken place since the 1950's, just when the last and largest bear market began for bonds. The same thing happened in Europe, with a spread of 3 points between the dividends of MSCI Europe and the yield of the German bond, the greatest in 90 years.</p><p><strong>US DIVIDEND YIELD vs. 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1900 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_div-yield4.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_div-yield4_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>Similarly, bank deposits in the US have doubled since 2008, which currently represents an increase of 6.6 billion dollars. The enormous amounts of capital accumulated in bonds and deposits are an ideal breeding ground to cause future increases in equities. Eusebio Diaz-Morera stated at our VIII Conference that &quot;over the coming years we will see significant turnover from fixed-income assets to equities&quot;.</p><p>Contrary to what one may think, the relationship between shares and bonds is highly erratic (historically fluctuating between +0.6 and -0.4). History is full of periods in which the price of bonds has fallen and that of shares has increased. There is, however, a clear relationship between the turning points of the yield of the debt and the beginnings of &quot;secular&quot; bull equity markets, as can be observed in the graph below, which includes the last century of the American stock market and the yield of the bonds:</p><p><strong>S&amp;P 500 vs. US 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1900 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_chart-5.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_chart-5_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>As of today it is impossible to know whether this decade will end up offering excellent returns in equities. However, we do feel that it is highly probable that the return on shares will, in real terms, be clearly above that of bonds not only over the coming years, but over various decades.</p><p><strong>Disclosure: </strong>I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.</p>]]>
      </content>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2012 16:37:07 -0500</pubDate>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[<p>The last time the American T-Bond was traded at current levels was 1946, after the end of World War II. Its return over the next 30 years was negative in real terms: for the next three decades, bond investors lost purchasing power.</p><p><strong>US 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1790 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_T-Bond-1.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_T-Bond-1_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p><em>However, events over the last three decades have been completely different.</em> Since 1981 American treasury bonds have increased virtually without interruption and offered a spectacular annual return: 12.6% in the 1980's, 8.8% in the 1990's, 7.7% in the previous decade, and 20% in this decade so far. Accordingly, government bonds during the last 30 years have been considered to be risk-free assets. Similarly, as occurred recently with the real estate sector, investors in government debt securities have been used to holding assets with low volatility which, in addition to paying a coupon, always increase and maintain their price. The current financial crisis has only enhanced the purchase of bonds and since 2008 investors, in the US alone, have invested USD 1.1 billion in funds of this type. At the same time, American shares vehicles have suffered redemptions of 400,000 million. In other words, more than double the amount redeemed in equity funds was virtually invested in fixed-income funds.</p><p><strong>FUNDS FLOWS: US EQUITY &amp; BOND (2008 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_US-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-2.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_US-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-2_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>With the global AUM of the investment funds above the maximum level of 2007, bond vehicles have recorded maximum subscriptions and AUM in all countries. Similarly, bond exchange-traded funds have also experienced exponential growth, since there are more than 1,300 ETFs that replicate this type of asset, but only 24 are the inverse of this, which offers a clear idea of which side investors have banked on.</p><p><strong>GLOBAL FUNDS FLOWS: BOND &amp; EQUITY (2008 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_Global-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-3.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_Global-Fund-Flows-Cumulative-Nov-2012-3_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>It is therefore no wonder that 16 of the fifty largest countries worldwide have traded their sovereign debt at 10 years below 2% or even that over certain periods some countries have traded with negative yields.</p><p>After the greatest bull market in the history of bonds, it is necessary to reflect on the risk they currently entail. At the annual conference we held with our investors, the Chairman of EDM, Eusebio D&iacute;az Morera, warned of the risk of this type of asset: &quot;A risk that is undervalued by the investing public, but that may appear quickly and painfully&quot;.</p><p>The bond bubble seems evident. However, prices continue to be easily at record maximums against a backdrop in which everyone assumes that the &quot;flexible&quot; monetary policy will be eternal. However, we must not forget that the primary mandate of the central banks is to control inflation. As soon as any inflation rears its head, the bonds will begin their downturn. If the yield of long-term debt returns to its historical average, the price of 10-year American bonds will depreciate by 26%. In the most extreme case, such as that experienced in the 1980's, the price of the 30-year bond would fall by 80%.</p><p>It is difficult to know when and how strong inflation will return. However, there are two significant facts that should not be overlooked: 1) The stabilization of the American real estate market (after adjusting its prices by almost 50%, the greatest since the Great Depression) with the bankruptcy of thousands of real estate agencies and the closing of hundreds of banks; 2) The progressive exchange of balances of China's balance of trade (a country which went gradually from being an exporter to an importer). Both trends could give us hints as to a possible reappearance of inflation.</p><p>In inflationary environments, shares behave better than bonds: throughout the last century, with an average inflation of 4.5%, equities offered an annual return of 5.2%, whereas bonds offered almost zero. With inflation of 8.0%, shares have an actual positive return, whereas that of bonds is clearly negative.</p><p>Investors' current search for &quot;financial security&quot; caused the return on dividends of the S&amp;P 500 index to be greater than the yield of the 10-year American bond, something that has not taken place since the 1950's, just when the last and largest bear market began for bonds. The same thing happened in Europe, with a spread of 3 points between the dividends of MSCI Europe and the yield of the German bond, the greatest in 90 years.</p><p><strong>US DIVIDEND YIELD vs. 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1900 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_div-yield4.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_div-yield4_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>Similarly, bank deposits in the US have doubled since 2008, which currently represents an increase of 6.6 billion dollars. The enormous amounts of capital accumulated in bonds and deposits are an ideal breeding ground to cause future increases in equities. Eusebio Diaz-Morera stated at our VIII Conference that &quot;over the coming years we will see significant turnover from fixed-income assets to equities&quot;.</p><p>Contrary to what one may think, the relationship between shares and bonds is highly erratic (historically fluctuating between +0.6 and -0.4). History is full of periods in which the price of bonds has fallen and that of shares has increased. There is, however, a clear relationship between the turning points of the yield of the debt and the beginnings of &quot;secular&quot; bull equity markets, as can be observed in the graph below, which includes the last century of the American stock market and the yield of the bonds:</p><p><strong>S&amp;P 500 vs. US 10-YEAR BOND YIELD (1900 - 2012)</strong></p><p><em>(click to enlarge)</em><a href="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_chart-5.png" rel="lightbox" rel="nofollow"><img src="http://static.cdn-seekingalpha.com/uploads/2012/12/17/saupload_chart-5_thumb1.png" /></a></p><p>As of today it is impossible to know whether this decade will end up offering excellent returns in equities. However, we do feel that it is highly probable that the return on shares will, in real terms, be clearly above that of bonds not only over the coming years, but over various decades.</p><p><strong>Disclosure: </strong>I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.</p>]]>
      </description>
      <category type="symbol" link="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/tag/bonds">bonds</category>
      <category type="symbol" link="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/tag/stocks">stocks</category>
      <category type="symbol" link="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/tag/dividend">dividend</category>
      <category type="symbol" link="http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/tag/yields">yields</category>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hedge Fund en Latam</title>
      <link>http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/877871-ignaciopedrosa/145556-hedge-fund-en-latam?source=feed</link>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">145556</guid>
      <content>
        <![CDATA[  <p><strong>El mercado de hedge funds en brasil concentra el 70% del negocio&nbsp;alternativo en Latinoam&eacute;rica. Su pr&oacute;ximo objetivo es dar el salto al exterior.</strong></p>      <p>Lejos queda la crisis de principios de los noventa y su efecto tequila. Un par de decenios m&aacute;s tarde, Latinoam&eacute;rica se alza como uno de los destinos predilectos de los gestores globales. Los &iacute;ndices han ido de la mano y su rendimiento anual en los &uacute;ltimos diez a&ntilde;os es del 20%, frente al 14% de los mercados emergentes en su conjunto y al exiguo 1% de las bolsas de EEUU o de Europa.</p>  <p>Este escenario ha provocado una afluencia masiva de flujos de capital a la zona. En el a&ntilde;o, los fondos de inversi&oacute;n latinoamericanos ya han recibido entradas netas de 24.000 millones de d&oacute;lares. Brasil es el principal destino, con un mercado burs&aacute;til que supone el 62% de la capitalizaci&oacute;n de Latinoam&eacute;rica. Pero al igual que ocurre en China, no es sencillo acceder a oportunidades de inversi&oacute;n m&aacute;s all&aacute; de sus principales &iacute;ndices burs&aacute;tiles. &ldquo;El 72% del PIB brasile&ntilde;o tan solo representa un 15% del Ibovespa&rdquo;, comenta Marivi Lorente, de International Asset Management (IAM). &ldquo;En 2010 el Ibovespa tuvo un resultado mediocre contrariamente a la muy positiva evolucion que tuvieron muchas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as brasile&ntilde;as. S&oacute;lo hab&iacute;a que haber evitado Petrobr&aacute;s y las productoras de acero para haber obtenido buenos resultados&rdquo;.</p>    <p>Los hedge fund se han consolidado como una alternativa para aprovechar el crecimiento del quinto pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s grande del mundo. Su crecimiento ha sido espectacular en la &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada. Por un lado, se han beneficiado de un entorno de tipos de inter&eacute;s a la baja que ha reducido el atractivo de la renta fija y ha incentivado la b&uacute;squeda de otras fuentes de rentabilidad. Por otro lado, han aprovechado la aparici&oacute;n de un nutrido grupo de gestores locales independientes que han demostrado su capacidad para batir al &iacute;ndice de forma sostenida. Esta industria, nacida a finales de los a&ntilde;os noventa y que tuvo como uno de sus principales valedores a Arminio Fraga, un antiguo gestor de hedge funds nombrado presidente del Banco Central de Brasil en 1999, cuenta en la actualidad con m&aacute;s de un centenar de hedge funds.</p>  <p>Existen, sin embargo, algunos mitos que conviene aclarar. El primero es el de la escasa transparencia, infundado desde el momento en el que el supervisor nacional<span>&nbsp; </span>(Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios) obliga a publicar la cartera de los hedge funds con un retraso de 90 d&iacute;as, as&iacute; como a calcular valores liquidativos diarios (para fondos onshore) o mensuales (para fondos offshore). El segundo mito es el de la poca liquidez. Hace ocho a&ntilde;os la bolsa de Brasil negociaba 400 millones de d&oacute;lares al d&iacute;a; hoy negocia una media de 3.500 millones de d&oacute;lares. Adem&aacute;s, desde 2004 han salido a cotizar al mercado m&aacute;s de 100 compa&ntilde;&iacute;as. Y el tercero, hoy ya menos extendido, es el del riesgo soberano. Con un endeudamiento privado respecto al PIB del 40% (frente al 140% de los pa&iacute;ses occidentales) los riesgos soberanos son hoy los opuestos a los de veinte a&ntilde;os atr&aacute;s.</p>  <p>&iquest;Cu&aacute;les son entonces las particularidades de la industria local de hedge funds en Latinoam&eacute;rica? Atendiendo a su localizaci&oacute;n, la inmensa mayor&iacute;a est&aacute;n localizados en Brasil, que concentra cerca del 70% del negocio alternativo de Latinoam&eacute;rica. Desde un punto de vista operativo, conviene saber que existe un impuesto del 6% para los flujos de inversi&oacute;n en fondos (incluyendo private equity y hedge funds), lo que incentiva los productos locales frente a los internacionales. Respecto al universo de estrategias, est&aacute; b&aacute;sicamente concentrado entre Macro y Long/Short siendo estos &uacute;ltimos los que mas valor tienen ya que los gestores locales macro siguen muy concetrados en el bono brasile&ntilde;o y seg&uacute;n IAM tiene mas valor buscar macro globales que tenga una parte de exposici&oacute;n a Brasil a invertir en locales.<span>&nbsp; <br></span><br>En relacion a los gestores long/short, por la parte de los largos se sigue una filosof&iacute;a &ldquo;deep-value&rdquo; (a pesar de que la volatilidad de los fondos suele ser elevada). Hay, sin embargo, dos aspectos diferenciales en la industria hedge brasile&ntilde;a. En primer lugar, la alta concentraci&oacute;n de las carteras, causante en parte de la alta volatilidad antes citada. Es habitual ver hedge<span>&nbsp; </span>funds en los que una acci&oacute;n representa el 20% de la cartera y ni siquiera cotiza. En segundo lugar, las vinculaciones de algunos gestores con determinadas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as en las que invierten.</p>  <p>Por la parte de los cortos,, hay que aclarar que su ejecuci&oacute;n es m&aacute;s complicada que en otros pa&iacute;ses ya que el Ibovespa es un &iacute;ndice con una alta concentraci&oacute;n en las materias primas (el 30% de su &iacute;ndice est&aacute; en dos de estas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as) y que ponerse corto con una acci&oacute;n es caro o a veces imposible. Adem&aacute;s, los fondos de pensiones tienen derecho a exigir -sin preaviso- las acciones que los hedge funds hayan utilizado para su estrategia, lo que complica y encarece las estrategias cortas. La mayor parte de &eacute;stas se llevan a cabo con ETF y Swaps.</p>  <p>Respecto a la evoluci&oacute;n de la industria local, Marivi Lorente de IAM aclara que &ldquo;muchos de los mejores fondos est&aacute;n hoy cerrados como CSHG Green, Tarpon o Dynamo; en otros, los gestores de talento han dejado su antigua casa para formar su propia boutique, como Leblon o Vinci&rdquo;. Y seg&uacute;n explica Carlos Fernandez, responsable de an&aacute;lisis de fondos de Inversis Banco, &ldquo;existe una tradici&oacute;n de gestores global macro con elevada capacidad de creaci&oacute;n de alpha, la mayor&iacute;a provenientes de las grandes mesas de tesorer&iacute;a bancarias&rdquo;.</p>  <p>La industria local evoluciona dejando tambi&eacute;n paso a las entidades internacionales, que han comprado gestoras hedge con fines muy diversos. La gestora local Hedging Griffo fue adquirida por Credit Suisse para introducir su negocio de banca privada en Brasil. J.P. Morgan Highbridge compr&oacute; hace unos meses G&aacute;vea, gestora hedge fundada por Arminio Fraga, expresidente del Banco Central de Brasil y cuyos resultados a largo plazo evidencian su calidad como gestor hedge. Con esta operaci&oacute;n, Highbridge acerca algunos de los productos de G&aacute;vea a inversores no brasile&ntilde;os. <br><br>Pero lo cierto es que, a d&iacute;a de hoy, los mejores gestores hedge de Latinoam&eacute;rica no est&aacute;n disponibles en formato UCITS, qued&aacute;ndose fuera del espectro de inversi&oacute;n en Europa. Parad&oacute;jicamente el problema no reside en la calidad de los gestores, sobradamente demostrada, sino en el acceso a los mismos.</p>  <p>&nbsp;</p>  <br><br><strong>Disclosure: </strong>I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.<br>]]>
      </content>
      <pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2011 21:08:13 -0500</pubDate>
      <description>
        <![CDATA[  <p><strong>El mercado de hedge funds en brasil concentra el 70% del negocio&nbsp;alternativo en Latinoam&eacute;rica. Su pr&oacute;ximo objetivo es dar el salto al exterior.</strong></p>      <p>Lejos queda la crisis de principios de los noventa y su efecto tequila. Un par de decenios m&aacute;s tarde, Latinoam&eacute;rica se alza como uno de los destinos predilectos de los gestores globales. Los &iacute;ndices han ido de la mano y su rendimiento anual en los &uacute;ltimos diez a&ntilde;os es del 20%, frente al 14% de los mercados emergentes en su conjunto y al exiguo 1% de las bolsas de EEUU o de Europa.</p>  <p>Este escenario ha provocado una afluencia masiva de flujos de capital a la zona. En el a&ntilde;o, los fondos de inversi&oacute;n latinoamericanos ya han recibido entradas netas de 24.000 millones de d&oacute;lares. Brasil es el principal destino, con un mercado burs&aacute;til que supone el 62% de la capitalizaci&oacute;n de Latinoam&eacute;rica. Pero al igual que ocurre en China, no es sencillo acceder a oportunidades de inversi&oacute;n m&aacute;s all&aacute; de sus principales &iacute;ndices burs&aacute;tiles. &ldquo;El 72% del PIB brasile&ntilde;o tan solo representa un 15% del Ibovespa&rdquo;, comenta Marivi Lorente, de International Asset Management (IAM). &ldquo;En 2010 el Ibovespa tuvo un resultado mediocre contrariamente a la muy positiva evolucion que tuvieron muchas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as brasile&ntilde;as. S&oacute;lo hab&iacute;a que haber evitado Petrobr&aacute;s y las productoras de acero para haber obtenido buenos resultados&rdquo;.</p>    <p>Los hedge fund se han consolidado como una alternativa para aprovechar el crecimiento del quinto pa&iacute;s m&aacute;s grande del mundo. Su crecimiento ha sido espectacular en la &uacute;ltima d&eacute;cada. Por un lado, se han beneficiado de un entorno de tipos de inter&eacute;s a la baja que ha reducido el atractivo de la renta fija y ha incentivado la b&uacute;squeda de otras fuentes de rentabilidad. Por otro lado, han aprovechado la aparici&oacute;n de un nutrido grupo de gestores locales independientes que han demostrado su capacidad para batir al &iacute;ndice de forma sostenida. Esta industria, nacida a finales de los a&ntilde;os noventa y que tuvo como uno de sus principales valedores a Arminio Fraga, un antiguo gestor de hedge funds nombrado presidente del Banco Central de Brasil en 1999, cuenta en la actualidad con m&aacute;s de un centenar de hedge funds.</p>  <p>Existen, sin embargo, algunos mitos que conviene aclarar. El primero es el de la escasa transparencia, infundado desde el momento en el que el supervisor nacional<span>&nbsp; </span>(Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios) obliga a publicar la cartera de los hedge funds con un retraso de 90 d&iacute;as, as&iacute; como a calcular valores liquidativos diarios (para fondos onshore) o mensuales (para fondos offshore). El segundo mito es el de la poca liquidez. Hace ocho a&ntilde;os la bolsa de Brasil negociaba 400 millones de d&oacute;lares al d&iacute;a; hoy negocia una media de 3.500 millones de d&oacute;lares. Adem&aacute;s, desde 2004 han salido a cotizar al mercado m&aacute;s de 100 compa&ntilde;&iacute;as. Y el tercero, hoy ya menos extendido, es el del riesgo soberano. Con un endeudamiento privado respecto al PIB del 40% (frente al 140% de los pa&iacute;ses occidentales) los riesgos soberanos son hoy los opuestos a los de veinte a&ntilde;os atr&aacute;s.</p>  <p>&iquest;Cu&aacute;les son entonces las particularidades de la industria local de hedge funds en Latinoam&eacute;rica? Atendiendo a su localizaci&oacute;n, la inmensa mayor&iacute;a est&aacute;n localizados en Brasil, que concentra cerca del 70% del negocio alternativo de Latinoam&eacute;rica. Desde un punto de vista operativo, conviene saber que existe un impuesto del 6% para los flujos de inversi&oacute;n en fondos (incluyendo private equity y hedge funds), lo que incentiva los productos locales frente a los internacionales. Respecto al universo de estrategias, est&aacute; b&aacute;sicamente concentrado entre Macro y Long/Short siendo estos &uacute;ltimos los que mas valor tienen ya que los gestores locales macro siguen muy concetrados en el bono brasile&ntilde;o y seg&uacute;n IAM tiene mas valor buscar macro globales que tenga una parte de exposici&oacute;n a Brasil a invertir en locales.<span>&nbsp; <br></span><br>En relacion a los gestores long/short, por la parte de los largos se sigue una filosof&iacute;a &ldquo;deep-value&rdquo; (a pesar de que la volatilidad de los fondos suele ser elevada). Hay, sin embargo, dos aspectos diferenciales en la industria hedge brasile&ntilde;a. En primer lugar, la alta concentraci&oacute;n de las carteras, causante en parte de la alta volatilidad antes citada. Es habitual ver hedge<span>&nbsp; </span>funds en los que una acci&oacute;n representa el 20% de la cartera y ni siquiera cotiza. En segundo lugar, las vinculaciones de algunos gestores con determinadas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as en las que invierten.</p>  <p>Por la parte de los cortos,, hay que aclarar que su ejecuci&oacute;n es m&aacute;s complicada que en otros pa&iacute;ses ya que el Ibovespa es un &iacute;ndice con una alta concentraci&oacute;n en las materias primas (el 30% de su &iacute;ndice est&aacute; en dos de estas compa&ntilde;&iacute;as) y que ponerse corto con una acci&oacute;n es caro o a veces imposible. Adem&aacute;s, los fondos de pensiones tienen derecho a exigir -sin preaviso- las acciones que los hedge funds hayan utilizado para su estrategia, lo que complica y encarece las estrategias cortas. La mayor parte de &eacute;stas se llevan a cabo con ETF y Swaps.</p>  <p>Respecto a la evoluci&oacute;n de la industria local, Marivi Lorente de IAM aclara que &ldquo;muchos de los mejores fondos est&aacute;n hoy cerrados como CSHG Green, Tarpon o Dynamo; en otros, los gestores de talento han dejado su antigua casa para formar su propia boutique, como Leblon o Vinci&rdquo;. Y seg&uacute;n explica Carlos Fernandez, responsable de an&aacute;lisis de fondos de Inversis Banco, &ldquo;existe una tradici&oacute;n de gestores global macro con elevada capacidad de creaci&oacute;n de alpha, la mayor&iacute;a provenientes de las grandes mesas de tesorer&iacute;a bancarias&rdquo;.</p>  <p>La industria local evoluciona dejando tambi&eacute;n paso a las entidades internacionales, que han comprado gestoras hedge con fines muy diversos. La gestora local Hedging Griffo fue adquirida por Credit Suisse para introducir su negocio de banca privada en Brasil. J.P. Morgan Highbridge compr&oacute; hace unos meses G&aacute;vea, gestora hedge fundada por Arminio Fraga, expresidente del Banco Central de Brasil y cuyos resultados a largo plazo evidencian su calidad como gestor hedge. Con esta operaci&oacute;n, Highbridge acerca algunos de los productos de G&aacute;vea a inversores no brasile&ntilde;os. <br><br>Pero lo cierto es que, a d&iacute;a de hoy, los mejores gestores hedge de Latinoam&eacute;rica no est&aacute;n disponibles en formato UCITS, qued&aacute;ndose fuera del espectro de inversi&oacute;n en Europa. Parad&oacute;jicamente el problema no reside en la calidad de los gestores, sobradamente demostrada, sino en el acceso a los mismos.</p>  <p>&nbsp;</p>  <br><br><strong>Disclosure: </strong>I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours.<br>]]>
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